What is a network or IP address?

WHAT IS A NETWORK 

OR

 IP ADDRESS?

- a unique string of numbers separated by periods that identifies each computer using the Internet Protocol to communicate over a network.

How to share file and printer in a computer network?

Setting up a printer on your network involves two steps. 

The first step is getting the printer connected to the network, and there are three ways you can do that:

• Connect the printer to the network directly. This is the easiest way to set up a network printer.  It doesn’t require that another PC be turned on to print (like the below methods do), and you don’t have to go through the hassle of setting up sharing. And, since most printers made within the last few years have networking built in, there’s a good chance your printer supports this option.
• Connect the printer to one of your PCs and share it with the network over Homegroup. If connecting a printer directly to the network isn’t an option, you can connect it to a PC on the network and share it with Windows Homegroup. It’s easy to set up, and is optimal for networks that are made up of mostly Windows computers. This method, however, requires that the computer its connected to be up and running in order for you to use the printer.
• Connect the printer to one of your PCs and share it without Homegroup. This is ideal if your network has other computers running different operating systems, if you want more control over file and printer sharing, or if Homegroup just isn’t working very well. Like the Homegroup method, this requires that the computer its connected to be up and running in order for you to use the printer.

Sharing file on Network (server)

• Replace the file inside the folder
• Right click the folder
• Click properties
• Click sharing
• Click share this folder on network
• Click apply
• and lastly click OK

Checking the file (client)

• Click start button
• Click run 
• Then type \\ [IP address of the server]

Sharing printer on a Network (address)

• Click control panel
• Click add printer
• Right click printer
• Click sharing
• Click share this printer
• Click apply 
• Click OK

Connecting printer on a Network (client)

• Click run 
• Then type \\ [IP Address of server]
• Double click Printer and Faxes
• Right click printer

HOW TO FILE SHARE BETWEEN COMPUTERS

HOW TO SHARE FILES

1Click the Start menu and choose Network.

You may see icons for all your connected PCs, as shown here. To find out how to file share between computers, you first need to connect to a PC; double-click its name. Chances are, you’ll be able to see files on your Windows XP PCs, but not any other Vista PCs. To see files on Vista PCs, move to Step 2.

2Click the Network and Sharing Center button.

The Network and Sharing Center button, seen along the top of the previous figure, fetches the Network and Sharing Center, shown here.

3How to file share between computers? Turn on Public Folder Sharing and click Apply.

Click the word Off in the Public Folder Sharing area, and the settings menu drops down, as shown here. To share your files, choose Turn On Sharing So Anyone with Network Access Can Open, Change, and Create Files.

4Turn off Password Protected Sharing and click Apply.

There’s one last hurdle. When somebody on the network tries to see inside a Vista PC’s Public folder, they must enter a name and password from an account on that other PC; their own name and password won’t do.

Although that makes for a very secure PC, it’s overkill in a family environment. To remove that layer of security, click the word On in the Public Folder Sharing area, as shown here. When the menu drops down, choose Turn Off Password Protected Sharing.

5Place files and folders you want to share with others into your PC’s Public folder.

And you’re done!

https://files.support.epson.com/htmldocs/pro4k_/pro4k_rf/softw_11.htm

https://www.dummies.com/computers/operating-systems/windows-xp-vista/connect-to-and-share-files-with-other-pcs-on-your-network/

https://www.howtogeek.com/howto/windows-7/share-files-and-printers-in-windows-7-with-homegroup/

How to reformat a personal computer

REFORMAT 

A

 PERSONAL COMPUTER

Reformatting a personal computer (PC) refers to a process performed on the hard drive in which you completely wipe the hard drive of all information. In many cases, this takes the hard drive back to the settings and programs that came with the computer from the factory. Since this procedure removes all of your files and any software you have installed after purchase, it should only be done as a last resort, such as when a virus can't be removed or there are severe operating issues with your PC. Reformatting can often alleviate these issues. 

Formatting a drive will delete all of the data on it and create a new file system. You'll need to format a drive in order to install Windows on it, or to start using it if you're installing an extra drive. You can format a drive to quickly erase all of the data on it. You can also shrink existing drives and format the remaining free space to create a second drive on your computer. If you are disposing your computer, you can use special tools to securely erase all of your data.

Steps to reformat a personal computer:

1.Start your PC and press key F2, F12, or delete key (depends on your PC model)
 Your PC BIOS settings will be displayed. Find boot menu. In boot device priority select CD-ROM as first device.

2. Your PC will boot from CD and windows installations will start. Press Enter at this screen.

3. Accept license agreement by pressing F8 key.

4. Delete the partitions.

5. Create the partitions.

6.  Define the size of partitions.

7. Now select your desired portion for installation of windows XP and press enter.

8. Choose the format of the partition. choose NTFS file system quick.

9. Setup will format the partition 

10. After formatting, setup will start copying the files on to the hard disk.

11. After copying of files, setup will start installing windows.

12. Select desired language and regional settings, when prompted by setup.

13. Enter windows key.

14. Type a home for your computer,

15. Select time and date settings and and time zone according to your country.

16. Provide network settings for networking PC's select typical settings and press enter.

17. Setup will install devices and register components.

18. After completion on setup will do a clean up effects of files and will restart your PC automatically. At this stage you can remove CD.

To create a Partitions:

What is disk partitioning?

Disk partitioning is the creation of one or more regions on a hard disk or other secondary storage, so that an operating system can manage information in each region separately. 

Partitioning is typically the first step of preparing a newly manifactured disk, before any files or directories have been created. 

Remember : 

1 KB = thousand bytes

1 MB = million bytes

1 GB = billion bytes

1 TB = trillion bytes

1 KB = 1024 bytes 

1 MB = 1024 KB

1 GB = 1024 MB

1 TB = 1024 GB 

Original size/capacity = 40955

P1 = 50 % = 40955 X .50 = 20498

P2 = 50% = 40955 X .50 = 20498

Source : https://www.wikihow.com/Format-a-PC

              https://www.whitecanyon.com/articles/how-to-format-computer

What are the types of network topology

TYPES 

OF 

 NETWORK 

TOPOLOGY

MESH TOPOLOGY

Also called mesh topology or a mesh network, mesh is a network topology in which devices are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes. In a true mesh topology every node has a connection to every other node in the network.

There are two types of mesh topologies : full mesh and partial mesh.

Full mesh topology occurs when every node has a circuit connecting it to every other node in a network. Full mesh is very expensive to implement but yields the greatest amount of redundancy, so in the event that one of those nodes fails, network traffic can be directed to any of the other nodes. Full mesh is usually reserved for backbone networks.

Partial mesh topology is less expensive to implement and yields less redundancy than full mesh topology. With partial mesh, some nodes are organized in a full mesh scheme but others are only connected to one or two in the network. Partial mesh topology is commonly found in peripheral networks connected to a full meshed backbone.

STAR TOPOLOGY

Star Topology: In a star network devices are connected to a central computer, called a hub. Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub.

A Star network is one of the most common computer network topologies. In its simplest form, a star network consists of one central hub which acts as a conduit to transmit messages. In star topology, every host is connected to a central hub. A star network is an implementation of a spoke–hub distribution paradigm in computer networks.

The hub and hosts, and the transmission lines between them, form a graph with the topology of a star. Data on a star network passes through the hub before continuing to its destination. The hub manages and controls all functions of the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow.

RING TOPOLOGY

        

A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node - a ring.

Rings can be unidirectional, with all traffic travelling either clockwise or anticlockwise around the ring, or bidirectional (as in SONET/SDH ).  Because a unidirectional ring topology provides only one pathway between any two nodes, unidirectional ring networks may be disrupted by the failure of a single link.^[1] A node failure or cable break might isolate every node attached to the ring. In response, some ring networks add a "counter-rotating ring" (C-Ring) to form a redundant topology: in the event of a break, data are wrapped back onto the complementary ring before reaching the end of the cable, maintaining a path to every node along the resulting C-Ring.

HYBRID TOPOLOGY

- The Hybrid Topology can be a combination of two or more basic topologies , such as bus , mesh, ring , star, or tree   

- Hybrid networks combine two or more than two topologies , which , in turn , enables you to get advantages of  the constituent topologies

LINEAR BUS TOPOLOGY

Linear bus topology is a type of network topology in which each device is connected one after the other in a sequential chain (shown right). In this case, the bus is the network connection between the devices, and if any link in the network chain is severed, all network transmission is halted.

Linear Bus is a linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are connected to the linear cable. 

 - Sources - 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology

http://computernetworkingtopics.weebly.com/linear-bus-topology.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology#Hybrid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networking

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_network

What are the types of cable?

⥂ TYPES OF CABLE ⥃

Twisted Pair

Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many business computers to the telephone company. To reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are twisted around each other. Each connection on twisted pair requires both wires.

TYPES OF TP

1.STP

The extra covering in shielded twisted pair wiring protects the transmission line from electromagnetic interference leaking into or out of the cable. STP cabling often is used in Ethernet networks, especially fast data rate Ethernets. Contrast with UTP.




2.UTP


UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair cable. UTP cable is a 100 ohm copper cable that consists of 2 to 1800 unshielded twisted pairs surrounded by an outer jacket. They have no metallic shield. This makes the cable small in diameter but unprotected against electrical interference.

Coaxial

Coaxial cable, or coax is a type of electrical cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable was invented by English engineer and mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who patented the design in 1880.[1]Coaxial cable differs from other shielded cables because the dimensions of the cable are controlled to give a precise, constant conductor spacing, which is needed for it to function efficiently as a transmission line.

Ciber Optic

Fiber optics, or optical fiber, refers to the medium and the technology associated with the transmission of information as light pulses along a glass or plastic strand or fiber. A fiber optic cable can contain a varying number of these glassfibers -- from a few up to a couple hundred.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STRAIGHT THROUGH AND CROSSOVER CABLE

Ethernet cables can be wired as straight through or crossover. The straight through is the most common type and is used to connect computers to hubs or switches. They are most likely what you will find when you go to your local computer store and buy a patch cable. Crossover cable is more commonly used to connect a computer to a computer and may be a little harder to find since they aren’t used nearly as much as straight through cable.

Straight through and crossover cables are wired differently from each other. One easy way to tell what you have is to look at the order of the colored wires inside the RJ45 connector. If the order of the wires is the same on both ends, then you have a straight through cable. If not, then it’s most likely a crossover cable or was wired wrong. At present, the straight through cable is much more popular than crossover cable and is widely used by people.






SOURCES : 
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=twisted+pair&oq=twis&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j69i59l3.2047j0j1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
https://www.google.com.ph/search?biw=1280&bih=699&ei=mRnIW9iaG8b_8gXyobOQCw&q=shielded+twisted+pair+cable&oq=shielded+twisted+pair+cable&gs_l=psy-ab.3..35i39k1j0i7i30k1l9.11911.12046.0.12398.2.2.0.0.0.0.135.257.0j2.2.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.2.255...35i304i39k1j0i13k1.0.sJT8lgOE7s4
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=unshielded+twisted+pair+cable&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfud6tn4_eAhXPdd4KHYh-CGQQ_AUICSgA&biw=1280&bih=699&dpr=1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=fiber+optic&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjiriOoo_eAhWP62EKHWhYB1MQ_AUICSgA&biw=1280&bih=699&dpr=1

What are the types of computer network

TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

(LAN)

________________________________________________________________________________

- It is a computer network that links devices within a building or group of adjacent buildings

- A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence,school,laboratory, university campus or office building.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

PERSONAL AREA NETWORK

(PAN)

ctto*

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 - A personal area network is a computer network for interconnecting devices centered on an individual person's workspace. A PAN provides data transmission amongst devices such as computers, smartphones, tablets and personal digital assistants.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

(MAN)

________________________________________________________________________________

A metropolitan area network is a computer network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network.

A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN that extends from several building blocks to the entire city. MANs also depend on communication channels of moderate to high data rates. MANs can be owned and operated by an organization but it is commonly used by many individuals and organizations. MANs can also be owned and operated as public utilities. These usually provide a way to interconnection of local networks.

A metropolitan area network or MAN is a computer network that usually covers a city or large school campus. A MAN usually connects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology such as fiber-optical links and provides up-link services to wide area networks (WANs) and internet.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

WIDE AREA NETWORK

(WAN)

A wide area network is a telecommunications network or computer network that extends over a large geographical distance/place. Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.

Business, education and government entities use wide area networks to relay data to staff, students, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various locations across the world. In essence, this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. 

SOURCES  - https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=types+of+computer+network&title=Special%3ASearch&go=Go
                https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network
                https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network
                https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network
                https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network